DIVISION OF LINGUISTICS

A.      According to Francis (1958:21), the various fields of linguistics arrived at by diving the total subject matter (which is all language, present and past) into various language groups or families,and individual languages. All language in the world can be devided into groups of languages.  the important groups of languages are : (1) Indo-European Group, (2) Afro-Asiatic or Semantic Group, (3) Sino-Tibetan Group, (4) Altaic Group, (5) Dravidian Group, (6) Austro-Asiatic Group, (7) Finno-Ugric Group, and (8) Malayo-Polynesian Group. These big  language groups can be further be  devided into subgroups of language .The Indo-European Group, for example, can be further devided into : a. Teutonic  Subgroup, b. Celtic Subgroup, c. Romance  Subgroup, d. Slavonic  Subgroup, e.  Baltic Subgroup, etc. Further  these subgroup of languages can be  devided into individual languages. The teutonic subgroup includes German, Dutch, English, etc; the Celtic Subgroup includes Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, etc. The Romance or latin Subgroup includes French , Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanaian, etc;  Slavonic subgroup includes Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovakian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovene; the Baltic Subgroup include s Lithuanian and Leftish; etc.

B.      Aspecs  Of Linguistics

Francish (1958:21) states that the aspects of linguistics are divisions of the subject matter on the basis of time or point of view. Here the fundamental distinction is between synchronic  and diachronic  linguistics. Synchronic means dealing with the state of affairs at a given point of time. It takes no account df history, in other words. On the other hand, diachronic means  dealing with changes that occur in time. History is its material. This distinction  between Synchronic  and diachronic linguistics  is very important because many mistakes and fallacies result  from over looking it.

Finally, We should consider the term structural linguistics. This term is used to refer to the kind of linguistics which is primarily interested in discovering and describing as concisely and accurately as possible the interrelationships and patterns which make up the intricate structures of languages.in away, structural linguistics can be called the mathematics of languages study because it is likely to be rather abstract and preoccupied with methods. It is the most rigorouslynscientifie form of linguistics, and its practitioner’s sometime claim to be the only true linguistics . just as mathematicians sometime claim themselves to be the only pure scientists. The structural linguists have claimed that they have developed method and standards of procedures that have made  study because it is